There is much disagreement about the nature of punishment and whether it necessarily involves cruelty. Also, it is disputed whether any old case of cruelty need involve punishent.

In this survey, we consider a small boy, Arnold, and, in each case, try to decide on the basis of the information given and our own intuitions, whether Arnold is being punished or treated cruelly; or both, or neither.

Sometimes we do not have enough information to make a clear decision.